13.2" Hadrosaur (Edmontosaurus) Proximal Caudal Vertebra - Montana

Hadrosaur (Edmontosaurus) Proximal Caudal Vertebra - Montana #243669

This is a beautifully preserved, proximal caudal vertebra of a hadrosaur (Edmontosaurus annectens) from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. It features an intact spinous process, centrum, transverse processes, and prezygapophyses/postzygapophyses. The rock within the neural canal has been left in place.

The vertebra measures 12.5" tall by 13.2" wide when sitting on a flat surface. The centrum is 2.6" thick. It comes with an acrylic display stand.

There are glue stabilized fractures through the centrum with no gap fill restoration. The left transverse process only required crack repair in three spots while the right transverse process required some significant restoration in spots. The right prezygapophysis required some crack repair with minor gap fill restoration. The majority of gap fill restoration can be found along the spinous process which is common considering this is one of the more fragile elements of these vertebrae. Overall a gorgeous and intact specimen.

Edmontosaurus is one of the largest Hadrosaurs, and one of the most widespread: fossil remainshave been found across western North America, from Colorado to northern Alaska. This large herbivore was about the same size as the contemporary predator Tyrannosaurus, reaching 39 feet in length and an average weight of about 6 tons. Named after Edmonton, the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta where its first fossils were discovered, Edmontosaurus was a gregarious terrestrial herbivore that ground up low-lying plant material with its large battery of ever-restoring teeth. Numerous skin impressions and mummified specimens show us that Edmontosaurus had scaly skin, and its forelimbs were enclosed in a fleshy "mitten" serving a purpose similar to a hoof. Edmontosaurus was a member of the Saurolophine clade of Hadrosaurs, meaning they had little to nonexistent crests on the backs of their skulls.

Because of its age and sedimentary composition, the Hell Creek Formation has become one of the most paleontologically studied areas in the world. 158 genera of animals and 64 genera of plants are known from the formation and new discoveries are made frequently. In addition to Tyrannosaurs, Ceratopsids, and Hadrosaurs, the formation has yielded remains of amphibians, reptiles, lizards, snakes and turtles, fish and sharks, avian and non-avian dinosaurs, and mammals. The Hell Creek Formation gives the most complete understanding of the environment just before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.